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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher who gave me gratitude for the golden opportunity to do this wonderful investigatory project. topic. "FERTILISATION AND IMPLANTATION" which also helped me in doing a to known about thankful 40 them... a lot of Research and so many new things. I came really thankful to them.
Secondary, I would also like to thank my parents. and me a friends as well as Internet / Google who helped lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
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INDEX
⇒Introduction.
⇒fertilization in human Events of fertilization
↳ Arrival of gametas
↳ Capacitation
↳ Accosomal Reaction
↳ Cortical Reaction.
↳ Kanyogamy
⇒Embryonic Development
↳ Cleavage
↳ Implantation Gastrulation
⇒Organogenesis
⇒Sex Determination.
⇒Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION
Fertilization and Implantation are the most critical Events in the reproduction process. In this process, both egg zygote. and sperm are fused together to form a it Later gets implanted into the uterus. and the development of organism.
Once fertilization happens, the cell stards to dinde and multiply within 24 hown in the fallopian tube. This detached multi-celled structure is called a zygote.. Later, after 3-4 days it travels to the uterus and now we call it an embryo.
The embryo develops and undergoes various stages and gets attached to the endometrial layer of the uterus. This process of attachment is known as implantation.
FERTILIZATION IN HUMANS
"Fertilization in Humans refers to the fusion of Male and Female gametes that facilitates the development of new organism"
Fertilization is the natural life process, which is carried out by the fusion of both male and female gametes, which results in the formation of a zygote. In Human, the process of fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.
During this one process, semen comprising thousands of spenns inseminated into the female vagina during coitus. The Spenms move towards the uterus and reach the opening of fallopian tube only a few sporns will succeed in reaching the opening of fallopian tube.. The second oocyte is released from the matured Graffian follicle of the ovary and enters into the fallopian tube, where it is festilized within 24 hours after which it is released from the ovary. Both sperm and egg can show their vitality only to a limited period. Sperm is alive for 48-72 hours in female. reproductive system.
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EVENTS OF FERTILIZATION
1. Arrival of gametes ↳ Sperm
↳ Ova
2. Capacitation of sperm
3. Acrosomal Reaction
4. cortical Reaction
5. Karyogamy / Amphimixis
1. ARRIVAL OF SPERM
During copulation (coitus) semen is released by th the penis into the vagina of a female, called Insemination. A human sperm can Bue for many weeks in male genital duct. Once ejaculated in the semen, it lives only for 48 to 72 hours outside the body.
2. CAPACITATION
Once the sperms are released Capacitation of sperms occurs. in the female genital system -
■Removal of membrane cholesterol presend over acrosome, weakening the membrane cover.
■Dilution of decapitation factor.
■It requires about 5-6 hour in femal reproductive Tract.
■It increases sperm motility.
■It increases permeability for influx of Ca²+
■Removal of acrosomal cap.
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3. ACROSOMAL REACTION
Digestion of multiple"layers of ova by acrosomal enzymes known as an acrosomal reaction .Calcium ions play a significant role in Acrosomal reactions.
4. CORTICAL REACTION
the oocyte shows cortical reactions. Cortical granules are found under the plasma membrane of the oocyte, which fuses with the plasma membrane and release cortical enzymes between the zona pellucida and plasma membrane.
5. KARYOGAMY
Male and female pronuclei approach each other and finally mixing up paternal and maternal chromosomes (Amphimixis) occurs resulting in the formation of the Zygote.
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EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
It and include cleavage, blastubation, implantation, gastrulation organogenesis.
■CLEAVAGE :- first cleavage is completed aften 30 hours of fertilization.
•Mitotic division in zygote.
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IMPLANTATION
Occurs at the 7th day in the Blastocyst stage occurs at the endometrium, generally in the fundus.
Once fertilization happens, the cell starts to divide and multiply within 24 hours in the fallopian tube. This detached multi-celled structure is called a zygote. Later, after 3-4 days it travels to the uterus and now we case it as an embryo.
The emboyo develops and undengoes various stages and gets attached to the endometrial layer of the uterus. This process of attachment is known as implantation.
Implantation Bleeding - Implantation bleeding begins when the festilized egg attaches to the endometrium to commence parental development. due to this movement of egg, slight bleeding would be observed, which is completely normal.
Signs of successful implantation Bleeding
About 20% to 30% of women have implantation bleeding. Many women misunderstand the implantation bleeding with the beginning of their period (menstruation) Body temperature might drop for one day. • The most common sign to know that the implantation bleeding has been successful is nausea.
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GASTRULATION
Formation of 1st layer from a blastocyst.
■ It involves morphogenetic movements.
■ Termination of gastrulation is marked by" obliteration of blastocyst"
■ A space appears This is the between the ectoderm and the trophoblast. amniotic cavity, filled by amniotic fluid. The roof of this cavity is formed by ammiogenic cells derived from trophoblast.
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ORGANOGENESIS
Weak 1►► fertilization cleavage starts about 24 hours after fertilisation cleavage to form a blastocyst 4-5 day after fertilization, more than by cells Implantation 6-9 defys days after fertilization.
Weak 2 ►►The three primary germ layers (ecto, Meso, endoderm) develop .
Weak 3 ►►Women will not have a period. This may be the first sign thank she is pregnant. Beginnigs of backbone Neural tube develops, the beginning of the brain and Spinal cord (first organ).
Weak 4 ►►Heart, Blood vessels, blood and gut start forming umbilical cord developing.
Weak 5 ►► Brain developing Limb buds', small swellings which are the beginnings of the arms and legs, Heart is large tube and start to beat starts to beat, pumping blood This this can be seen on an ultrasound scan
Wear 6 ►►Eyes and ears start to form (Sense organ)
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By Week 7 ►►All major internal organs developing, face foroming, eyes have some color. mouth and tongue develop, beginnings of hands and feet.
By Week 12 ►►foetus fully formed with all argans, muscles ,bones, toes and fingers. Sex organs well-developed foetus is moving.
By Week 20►► Hair beginning to grow, including eyebrows and eyelashes. fingerprints developed. finger nails and toenails growing firm hand grip. Between 16 and 20 weeks baby Usually felt moving for first time.
By Week 24 ►►Eyelids open. legal limit for abortion in most circumstances > 2017
By week 26 ►► Has a good chance of survival if born prematurely.
By Week ►► Usually lying head down ready for birth.
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SEX DETERMINATION
Sex of The the baby is decided during fentilisation. chrome some pattern in human female is XX and that in male is XY. Therefore, all the haploid gametes produced by the female (ova) have the sex chromosomet, wheneas in chromosome the male gametes (spenms) the sex could be eithen x or Y, hence S6% of sperm carry X chromosome while the other S0% carry Y. After fusion of male and female gamebes the zygote would carry either XX an or XY depending ०४ on whether the speam carry y has fertilised the owm. The zyopte carrying XX would develop into a female baby and XY would form a male baby. That's why, scietifically it is correct to say that the sex of the baby is determined by the father. and not by mother.
About 70% of all abortions performed in Delhi, India are termination due make new a to the foetus being female. Private dinics. profit out of offering sex determination tests. The bill introduced in Lok Sabha would stop Sex determination shops" Abortions based on the sex of the focus. are currently banned under Article 14 and Article 15 of the Indian constitution as a violation of women's rights.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
* following links have been used in the completion of this project :
►Youtube channel (NTY ZONE )
►www.ntyprojects.com
►www.goura.com
Books used -
►NCERT Text book. class 12
►Biology fingertip
►Exploring biology by Ella Thea Smith.
VIDEO LINK
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